Minimalist News

OpenAI and AWS have entered a multi-year, $38 billion partnership to scale advanced AI workloads. AWS will provide world-class infrastructure and compute capacity to power OpenAI’s next generation of models.

OpenAI is expanding Stargate to Michigan with a new one-gigawatt campus that strengthens America’s AI infrastructure. The project will create jobs, drive investment, and support economic growth across the Midwest.

OpenAI introduces Aardvark, an AI-powered security researcher that autonomously finds, validates, and helps fix software vulnerabilities at scale. The system is in private beta—sign up to join early testing.

A deep dive into OWL, the new architecture powering ChatGPT Atlas—decoupling Chromium, enabling fast startup, rich UI, and agentic browsing with ChatGPT.

gpt-oss-safeguard-120b and gpt-oss-safeguard-20b are two open-weight reasoning models post-trained from the gpt-oss models and trained to reason from a provided policy in order to label content under that policy. In this report, we describe gpt-oss-safeguard’s capabilities and provide our baseline safety evaluations on the gpt-oss-safeguard models, using the underlying gpt-oss models as a baseline. For more information about the development and architecture of the underlying gpt-oss models, see the original gpt-oss model model card⁠.

OpenAI introduces gpt-oss-safeguard—open-weight reasoning models for safety classification that let developers apply and iterate on custom policies.

Dai Nippon Printing (DNP) rolled out ChatGPT Enterprise across ten core departments to drive companywide adoption. Within three months, it achieved 95% faster patent research, 10x processing volume, 100% weekly active usage, 87% automation, and 70% knowledge reuse.

Discover how Doppel uses OpenAI’s GPT-5 and reinforcement fine-tuning (RFT) to stop deepfake and impersonation attacks before they spread, cutting analyst workloads by 80% and reducing threat response from hours to minutes.

OpenAI’s recapitalization strengthens mission-focused governance, expanding resources to ensure AI benefits everyone while advancing innovation responsibly.

Microsoft and OpenAI sign a new agreement that strengthens its long-term partnership, expands innovation, and ensures responsible AI progress.

Meeting the demands of the Intelligence Age will require strategic investment in energy and infrastructure. OpenAI’s submission to the White House details how expanding capacity and workforce readiness can sustain U.S. leadership in AI and economic growth.

This system card details GPT-5’s improvements in handling sensitive conversations, including new benchmarks for emotional reliance, mental health, and jailbreak resistance.

OpenAI collaborated with 170+ mental health experts to improve ChatGPT’s ability to recognize distress, respond empathetically, and guide users toward real-world support—reducing unsafe responses by up to 80%. Learn how we’re making ChatGPT safer and more supportive in sensitive moments.

Learn how Steuerrecht.com uses ChatGPT Business to streamline legal workflows, automate tax research, and scale client service—helping law firms boost productivity and stay competitive.

OpenAI has acquired Software Applications Incorporated, maker of Sky—a natural language interface for Mac that brings AI directly into your desktop experience. Together, we’re integrating Sky’s deep macOS capabilities into ChatGPT to make AI more intuitive, contextual, and action-oriented.

Consensus uses GPT-5 and OpenAI’s Responses API to power a multi-agent research assistant that reads, analyzes, and synthesizes evidence in minutes—helping over 8 million researchers accelerate scientific discovery.

Company knowledge brings context from your apps into ChatGPT for answers specific to your business, with clear citations, security, privacy, and admin controls. Available now for Business, Enterprise, and Edu users.

OpenAI's Korea Economic Blueprint outlines how South Korea can scale trusted AI through sovereign capabilities and strategic partnerships to drive growth.

OpenAI expands its UK partnership with a new Ministry of Justice agreement, bringing ChatGPT to civil servants. It also introduces UK data residency for ChatGPT Enterprise, ChatGPT Edu, and the API Platform to support trusted and secure AI adoption.

OpenAI’s Japan Economic Blueprint outlines how Japan can harness AI to boost innovation, strengthen competitiveness, and enable sustainable, inclusive growth.

ChatGPT will no longer be available on WhatsApp after January 15, 2026. Learn how to link your ChatGPT account and continue your conversations across devices.

ChatGPT Atlas, the browser with ChatGPT built it. Get instant answers, summaries, and smart web help—right from any page. With privacy settings you can control. Available now for MacOS.

Learn how Plex Coffee uses ChatGPT Business to centralize knowledge, train staff faster, and preserve personal connections while expanding.

OpenAI’s new Expert Council on Well-Being and AI brings together leading psychologists, clinicians, and researchers to guide how ChatGPT supports emotional health, especially for teens. Learn how their insights are shaping safer, more caring AI experiences.

OpenAI and Sur Energy are exploring Argentina’s first Stargate project—an AI and clean energy collaboration that could make Argentina a Latin American leader in artificial intelligence, sustainable infrastructure, and digital innovation.

OpenAI and Broadcom announce a multi-year partnership to deploy 10 gigawatts of OpenAI-designed AI accelerators, co-developing next-generation systems and Ethernet solutions to power scalable, energy-efficient AI infrastructure by 2029.

HYGH speeds up software development and campaign delivery with ChatGPT Business, cutting turnaround times, scaling output, and driving revenue growth.

Learn how OpenAI evaluates political bias in ChatGPT through new real-world testing methods that improve objectivity and reduce bias.

Discover how HiBob uses ChatGPT Enterprise and custom GPTs to scale AI adoption, boost revenue, streamline HR workflows, and deliver AI-powered features in the Bob platform.

Discover how OpenAI is detecting and disrupting malicious uses of AI in our October 2025 report. Learn how we’re countering misuse, enforcing policies, and protecting users from real-world harms.

OpenAI Codex is now generally available with powerful new features for developers: a Slack integration, Codex SDK, and admin tools like usage dashboards and workspace management—making Codex easier to use and manage at scale.

We’re introducing a new generation of apps you can chat with, right inside ChatGPT. Developers can start building them today with the new Apps SDK, available in preview.

AMD and OpenAI have announced a multi-year partnership to deploy 6 gigawatts of AMD Instinct GPUs, beginning with 1 gigawatt in 2026, to power OpenAI’s next-generation AI infrastructure and accelerate global AI innovation.

OpenAI and Allied for Startups release the Hacktivate AI report with 20 actionable policy ideas to accelerate AI adoption in Europe, boost competitiveness, and empower innovators.

Today, we’re releasing new tools to help developers go from prototype to production faster: AgentKit, expanded evals capabilities, and reinforcement fine-tuning for agents.

Wrtn scaled AI apps to 6.5M users in Korea with GPT-5, creating ‘Lifestyle AI’ that blends productivity, creativity, and learning—now expanding across East Asia.

OpenAI and Japan’s Digital Agency partner to advance generative AI in public services, support international AI governance, and promote safe, trustworthy AI adoption worldwide.

Samsung and SK join OpenAI’s Stargate initiative to expand global AI infrastructure, scaling advanced memory chip production and building next-gen data centers in Korea.

Discover the Sora feed philosophy—built to spark creativity, foster connections, and keep experiences safe with personalized recommendations, parental controls, and strong guardrails.

Our latest video generation model is more physically accurate, realistic, and controllable than prior systems. It also features synchronized dialogue and sound effects. Create with it in the new Sora app.

To address the novel safety challenges posed by a state-of-the-art video model as well as a new social creation platform, we’ve built Sora 2 and the Sora app with safety at the foundation. Our approach is anchored in concrete protections.

Sora 2 is our new state of the art video and audio generation model. Building on the foundation of Sora, this new model introduces capabilities that have been difficult for prior video models to achieve– such as more accurate physics, sharper realism, synchronized audio, enhanced steerability, and an expanded stylistic range.

OpenAI built a system to extract contract data quickly, cutting turnaround times and making it easier for teams to access the details they need.

At OpenAI, we rely on our own technology to help streamline work, scale expertise, and drive outcomes. In our new series, OpenAI on OpenAI, we share lessons to help other organizations do the same.

Learn how OpenAI used AI to deliver personalized answers at scale, converting inbound leads into customers.

There’s a buzz of excitement here at Tobacco Dock as we welcome our customers and partners to the Google Cloud Summit London. Together, we’re exploring the essential role Google Cloud is playing in driving AI innovation and adoption across the UK. Today is about shining a spotlight on our customers and partners, focusing on the real-world stories of how they are accelerating innovation, realising value, and reshaping entire industries with the powerful combination of AI agents and robust cloud infrastructure. The opportunity ahead is immense. AI is poised to inject more than £400 billion into the UK economy by 2030, and

AI and cloud technology are reshaping every corner of every industry around the world. Without our customers, there would be no Google Cloud, as they are the ones building the future on our platform. In this monthly round-up, we dive into some of the exciting projects redefining businesses, shaping industries, and creating new categories.  For our inaugural edition, we explore Lowe’s new Visual Scout product recommendation engine powered by Vertex AI Vector Search; a responsive “Driver Agent” platform created by Formula E to bring more equity to the track; Ester AI, a conversational tool from wealth.com that can help financial planners

WEEK OF DEC 16 - DEC 20 * Windows Server 2025 is now available on Google Compute Engine. We are excited to announce the general availability of Windows Server 2025 on Google Compute Engine. You can now run Windows Server 2025 Data Center, and Windows Server 2025 Data Center Core editions as well as Windows SQL Server 2022 on Windows Server 2025 with pay-as-you-go licenses. Customers that don’t already have a Microsoft Enterprise Agreement can use the Google Compute Engine’s provided image to take advantage of Google Cloud’s relationships with Microsoft for pay-as-you-go licenses that scale with your workload and

If you’re a regular reader of this blog, you know that 2024 was a busy year for Google Cloud. From AI to Zero Trust, and everything in between, here’s a chronological recap of our top blogs of 2024, according to readership. You’ll probably see some favorites on this list, and discover a few that you missed the first time around.  JANUARY We started the new year strong, removing data transfer fees for anyone moving data off of our platform. Translation: Anyone doing cool things on Google Cloud (like using generative AI to analyze their microservices deployment) is doing it because they want

Over the past year, the pace of innovation across industries and around the world has been extraordinary. At Google, we're inspired by the public sector’s ingenuity and speed in adopting our AI and security innovations to achieve remarkable outcomes together. Since Google Cloud Next, we've launched more powerful versions of Gemini, rolled out Gemini Flash and Imagen 3. And we're proud to showcase inspiring examples from the public sector, highlighting how organizations are leveraging generative AI to drive transformative change. From state agencies streamlining citizen services to healthcare providers improving patient outcomes and defense organizations enhancing mission readiness, public sector organizations

Cloud-based computing is one of the most important developments in the European economy over the last decade. Moving to the cloud has reduced costs, delivered services with incredible reach, and laid the foundation for entirely new European companies. But legacy licensing practices that force customers onto a single vendor threaten Europe’s ability to take full advantage of this opportunity. For years, in the productivity software space, Microsoft has locked customers into Teams, even when they preferred other providers. Now, the company is running the same playbook to push companies to Azure, its cloud platform. Microsoft’s licensing terms restrict European customers from

Want to know the latest from Google Cloud? Find it here in one handy location. Check back regularly for our newest updates, announcements, resources, events, learning opportunities, and more.  ---------------------------------------- Tip: Not sure where to find what you’re looking for on the Google Cloud blog? Start here: Google Cloud blog 101: Full list of topics, links, and resources. ---------------------------------------- WEEK OF DEC 10 - DEC 15 * Announcing Launch of Cross Cloud Materialized Views: To help customers on their cross-cloud analytics journey, today we are thrilled to announce the public preview of BigQuery Omni cross-cloud materialized views (aka cross-cloud MVs). Cross-cloud MVs allow customers to very

To our customers: At Google Cloud, we put your interests first. This means that when you choose to work with us, we become partners on a journey of shared innovation, shared support, and shared fate. We are committed to helping you evolve as technology advances, drawing on our depth of experience to ensure you can use the latest and best technology, while keeping you safe and protected. When it comes to the rapidly developing world of generative AI, this is imperative. Earlier this year, we embedded Duet AI — an always-on AI collaborator — across our products, from Google Workspace to Google

Editor’s note: Jack Ngare is a Technical Director in Google Cloud’s Office of the CTO based in Nairobi, Kenya. A native of Kenya, he worked in telecommunications abroad for 12 years before returning home to work for a large African financial institution and a U.S. technology company. He joined Google Cloud last year with a mission to digitize and modernize Cloud’s global top customers, while simultaneously growing Africa's entrepreneurial technology culture.  ---------------------------------------- What is the opportunity you see before you? Working at Google Cloud, I’m able to bring people some of the world's best software and hardware engineering. I also see the possibility

Editor’s note: Alicia Abella is the Managing Director for Telecommunications Industry Solutions at Google Cloud. The work involves bringing complex, advanced technology to businesses across diverse markets and cultures — from startups in Brazil to North America's largest telecommunications companies. The daughter of immigrants from Cuba, she has a PhD, 29 patents, and extensive experience running teams and working with customers. ---------------------------------------- Did you always see yourself bringing new inventions into the world?  No, not at all. I grew up in Queens, New York — the only child of Cuban immigrants. My parents worked hard and saved money so I could get an

We’re excited to share that Gartner has recognized Google as a Leader in the 2023 Gartner® Magic Quadrant™ for Enterprise Conversational AI Platforms, authored by Bern Elliot and Gabriele Rigon. We believe this recognition is a testament to Google Cloud’s robust investments and commitment to innovation in AI, coupled with a deep understanding of enterprise customer needs. Enterprises are increasingly investing in AI-driven solutions that balance addressing customer expectations with operational efficiency. At a time when the demand for quality, performant, and trustworthy conversational AI has never been higher, we’re thrilled to continue to deliver best-in-class technologies, purpose-built to solve our

Editor’s Note: José Neto works in Google Cloud's São Paulo office, assisting customers in both hybrid/on-prem cloud computing systems, and modernizing computer applications for the cloud. It's appropriate work; a native of Salvador, Brazil, he's spent decades harmonizing the past and the future, dealing with radical change, and staying comfortable amid uncertainty as he moves forward.  ---------------------------------------- What do you think defines how you work? It's the way I look at experience. When I work with a customer, I'm interested in helping them fix a problem or build a new service—it's very personal for me. I love working towards results. I always ask what

We have made great strides toward more equitable workplaces in the past decade. This is particularly true since 2020 and something to celebrate on the occasion of International Women’s Day. It’s also an appropriate time to reflect on how we can continue to reach an equitable playing field by confronting biases and empowering all people in the workplace. As tech industry veterans, we’ve experienced our share of challenges in male-dominated workplaces — being talked over in meetings, having our contributions devalued or our knowledge and skills underestimated, and working much longer hours in the hopes of being given the same opportunities

From keeping the internet running to driving AI innovation to transforming our customers’ businesses, women deliver impact across Google Cloud. We work to continue to bring more women into leadership roles through supporting initiatives including: * Career Development: We support women on the path to Director with a program called Polaris, a year-long career development program —more than 500 women have participated in the program since it began in 2017. * Sponsorship: We offer mentoring and sponsorship programs across all levels, including Pathways to Sponsorship, a nomination-based program to accelerate the career progression of women into senior leadership. * Women@Cloud:

Editor’s note: Scott Penberthy is the Director of Applied AI in Google Cloud's Office of the CTO (OCTO), a team that works with some of Google Cloud’s largest customers to solve their most complex business problems and advise Google on emerging trends across industries, geographies, and technology. A self-described student of deep learning, he's working with healthcare providers (and as a side project, NASA) on how we can better understand both life and the universe. ---------------------------------------- How does an advanced artificial intelligence specialist think about AI? AI is the ultimate pattern recognizer. At hyperscale, which is what we're starting to do now, AI

Welcome back. Universal Music Group just settled its copyright lawsuit with AI music startup Udio and is instead partnering up to launch a licensed AI music platform in 2026. The new platform will be trained on authorized and licensed music, with UMG artists able to opt in, while Udio's existing product will remain in a "walled garden" with fingerprinting and filtering measures. From lawsuit to licensing deal in under 18 months. That has to be some sort of record. IN TODAY’S NEWSLETTER 1. OPENAI’S ATLAS BROWSER BREEDS FERTILE GROUND FOR PROMPT INJECTION ATTACKS 2. AI CAN NOW DETECT WHEN ITS OWN 'THOUGHTS' ARE

Welcome back. OpenAI seems determined to dominate the headlines today. Cameo, the celebrity video platform, just sued them for trademark infringement over Sora's "Cameo" feature. Cameo argues OpenAI chose the name "in blatant disregard for the obvious confusion it would create, while OpenAI counters they "disagree that anyone can claim exclusive ownership over the word 'cameo.'" IN TODAY’S NEWSLETTER 1. OPENAI'S $500B RESTRUCTURING SETS STAGE FOR BLOCKBUSTER IPO 2. GENERAL INTUITION FOUNDER ON THE NEXT FRONTIER 3. HOME ROBOTS ARRIVE WITH REMOTE OPERATORS WATCHING THROUGH THEIR EYES BIG TECH OPENAI'S $500B RESTRUCTURING SETS STAGE FOR BLOCKBUSTER IPO OpenAI just solved its capital problem by creating a governance

Welcome back. Elon Musk is back at it again with the launch of Grokipedia v0.1, an AI-powered Wikipedia rival that claims to be a less biased alternative. The site went live with over 885,000 articles, around 10% of the number on Wikipedia’s English site, though many appear copied word-for-word from Wikipedia itself. IN TODAY’S NEWSLETTER 1. OPENAI’S EXPANSION INTO THE EU SPELLS TROUBLE FOR AI STARTUPS 2. CLAUDE JUST BECAME YOUR NEW FINANCIAL ANALYST 3. THE AI TALENT WARS MAY BECOME DECENTRALIZED STARTUPS OPENAI’S EXPANSION INTO THE EU SPELLS TROUBLE FOR AI STARTUPS Europe is becoming a key overseas market for OpenAI’s ChatGPT, raising concerns over the

Welcome back. OpenAI is making moves into AI music generation, positioning itself to compete directly with established players like Suno, a three-year-old startup that has already captured significant market share with its AI-powered music generator. OpenAI has been working with Juilliard students to annotate musical scores and develop the capability to generate music from text and audio prompts, similar to what Suno already offers its subscribers. IN TODAY’S NEWSLETTER 1. THOUSANDS CALL FOR SUPERINTELLIGENCE GUARDRAILS 2. DEFENSE AI HEATS UP 3. SNACK GIANT MONDELEZ JOINS AI AD HYPE GOVERNANCE THOUSANDS CALL FOR SUPERINTELLIGENCE GUARDRAILS As tech leaders continue their frenzied pursuit of creating AI that’s better than

Good morning. Welcome to this special weekend edition of The Deep View, presented in partnership with Wispr. SPEAK YOUR MIND. WISPR FLOW WRITES IT—FASTER, CLEARLY. Typing has been the default for over a century, but it was never the most natural way to work. Wispr Flow is voice-first technology that finally feels human—built for professionals, creators, and developers who want to move faster and think freely. With Wispr Flow, you can dictate anywhere you type. Emails, code, documents, messages, and watch your ideas appear instantly, written in your own voice and style. Here’s what makes Flow different: * Blazing fast dictation that keeps up with

Welcome Back. On Thursday, OpenAI announced its acquisition of Software Applications Inc., the maker of Sky, a natural language interface for Mac. Sky uses the information on users’ screens to work alongside them and complete tasks with their apps. Nick Turley, OpenAI vice president and head of ChatGPT, said in a statement that Sky will help build a future where the platform can do more than respond to prompts, but rather “helps you get things done.” The deal could give OpenAI access to the essential piece that gives AI actual utility: user context. IN TODAY’S NEWSLETTER 1. ANTHROPIC, GOOGLE PARTNER ON TPUS 2.

Welcome back. Reddit is adding to the growing copyright fight between content providers and data-hungry AI firms. In a lawsuit filed Wednesday, the social media company alleges that Perplexity and three other “data-scraping service providers” are stealing its content to train AI. Comparing these firms to “would-be bank robbers,” Reddit claims these firms are participating in “industrial-scale, unlawful circumvention of data protections” without entering into a formal agreement with the site.  IN TODAY’S NEWSLETTER 1. OPENAI SKIPS DATA LABELERS FOR GOLDMAN BANKERS 2. AI VIDEO TOOLS ARE WORSENING DEEPFAKES 3. GOOGLE, GM PARTNERSHIP SIGNALS SELF-DRIVING RACE PRODUCTS OPENAI SKIPS DATA LABELERS FOR GOLDMAN BANKERS OpenAI is sidestepping the

Welcome back. In a move that likely comes as no surprise, tech giants are once again eyeing billion-dollar deals to increase their compute capacity. First up, Meta has struck a $27 billion financing deal with Blue Owl Capital to fund a massive data center project in Louisiana, marking the social media giant’s largest private capital deal to date. Anthropic, meanwhile, is reportedly in talks with Google to provide the AI firm with more compute capacity, a deal valued at tens of billions of dollars, according to Bloomberg. These add to the rapidly piling number of compute deals as tech firms

Welcome back. Amid backlash over OpenAI releasing its most powerful video model yet, the AI giant announced Monday that the company is working with SAG-AFTRA, major talent agencies and “Breaking Bad” star Bryan Cranston to tackle Sora’s rising deepfake problem. The statement follows OpenAI giving public figures and copyright holders the ability to opt out of their likeness being used on the platform, as well as a litany of public backlash from the three biggest talent agencies in the industry. IN TODAY’S NEWSLETTER 1. AI HAS A COPYRIGHT PROBLEM 2. ANTHROPIC’S TAKES ON DRUG DISCOVERY WITH CLAUDE 3. DEEPSEEK OCR COULD MAKE AI CHEAPER,

Welcome back. Google is reportedly preparing to release Gemini 3, the next version of its flagship model, in December, Alex Heath reported in Sources, despite rumors that the model could be available as soon as Wednesday. It’s another signal that the AI search market is intensifying, as Perplexity made its AI browser free and forged media partnerships with a host of outlets for a subscription-based AI-powered news feed in recent weeks.  IN TODAY’S NEWSLETTER 1. IBM PARTNERS WITH CHIP FIRM GROQ 2. OPENAI, MLK CONTROVERSY SIGNALS DEEPFAKE DILEMMA 3. META REINS IN TEEN AI USE HARDWARE IBM PARTNERS WITH CHIP FIRM GROQ As AI developers grapple with

Good morning. Welcome to this special weekend edition of The Deep View, presented in partnership with Camunda. ASSESS YOUR AI READINESS WITH THIS TOOL You've built your AI proof of concept, but now the bigger challenge awaits… scaling it into enterprise-grade solutions that don’t just work without breaking, but deliver real, meaningful results. Think you’re prepared? Well before you jump in, assess your readiness with this guide from Camunda. Inside this free download is a practical assessment to determine where your organization stands in operationalizing AI, including: * Assessing your AI maturity across five foundational pillars * Identifying success enablers and red flags across each

Welcome back. Anthropic wants to give agents more special skills. On Thursday, the AI firm debuted Skills for Claude, an effort that aims to make agents more useful at tasks for a user’s specific context. Anthropic described the capability as “custom onboarding materials” for agents, allowing them to specialize in your organization’s expertise. The news follows OpenAI's debut of its own agentic capabilities, called AgentKit, at Dev Day in early October. It could also signal that companies are feeling pressure to create agents that are actually useful, in order to encourage enterprises to adopt them. IN TODAY’S NEWSLETTER 1. WHY APPLE NEEDS

Welcome Back. Anthropic has high hopes for its revenue. The company is reportedly on track to hit $9 billion in annual revenue run rate by the end of this year, according to Reuters. But those targets are getting even more ambitious for 2026, projecting to hit anywhere from $20 billion to $26 billion by the end of next year. Still, the company might be seeking more: Anthropic is also apparently in early talks with Abu Dhabi-based investment firm MGX for another funding round, just weeks after it raised $13 billion in a Series F round at a valuation of $183

Welcome back. On Tuesday, OpenAI announced the establishment of the Expert Council on Well-Being and AI, aimed at evaluating how AI could impact people’s mental health, emotions and motivation. However, OpenAI might also be loosening the reins on ChatGPT. CEO Sam Altman said in an X post on Tuesday that the company plans to roll out a new version of ChatGPT that allows it to behave in a “very human-like way,” including the use of emojis and acting like a friend. Once age-gating is rolled out in December, OpenAI will allow for “erotica for verified adults.”  IN TODAY’S NEWSLETTER 1. AMD, ORACLE

Welcome Back. Salesforce is investing $15 billion in San Francisco over the next five years, the company announced on Monday. CEO Mark Benioff said the investment “reflects our deep commitment to our hometown.” The investment, which will fund an “AI Incubator Hub,” seeks to solidify the Bay Area city as a global hub for the development and innovation of tech. The move highlights that AI firms are quickly occupying more space in the city, leasing 1 million square feet of office space in San Francisco during the first half of 2025, according to The Wall Street Journal.  IN TODAY’S NEWSLETTER 1. OPENAI